The American Vote · 1789–2024

MODERN POLARIZATION

2024

Donald Trump. Republican. 312 of 538 electors.

Rep

WINNER

Donald Trump

Republican

312EV

49.8% POP

versus

226EV

48.3% POP

RUNNER-UP

Kamala Harris

Democratic

Dem

ELECTORAL

312

226

/ 538

POPULAR

49.8%

48.3%

1.9%

64.1% turnout

Showing winner by state. Hover or click a state to pin.

WINNER BY STATE

Republican· 312 EV

Democratic· 226 EV

RESULT

EV312 · 226

POP49.8% · 48.3%

TURNOUT64.1%

ELECTORS · 538

312

226

NOTE OF THE EDITOR

Donald Trump won a decisive comeback victory, becoming the first president since Grover Cleveland to win non-consecutive terms. Biden had dropped out of the race in July 2024 and endorsed Vice President Kamala Harris, who became the first woman of color nominated by a major party for president. Trump swept all seven key battleground states and also won the popular vote — the first Republican to do so since 2004. Harris conceded on election night, congratulating Trump on his victory.

Notable: Trump became second president to win non-consecutive terms (like Cleveland); first Republican to win popular vote since 2004

Open 2024 detail

KEY ISSUE

Inflation and cost of living; immigration; democracy concerns; Biden's age and competence

NATIONAL EV MARGIN · 60 CYCLES

2024 highlighted · click any bar

Long arc1789→202460 cycles

click a year · shift-click to compare

First Party System

Second Party System

Gilded Age

Progressive Era

Roaring Twenties

New Deal Coalition

Cold War Realignment

Modern Polarization

Deeper data

2024, by margin and turnout.

The 60-cycle view. Click any bar or point to jump to that cycle.

Margin

Electoral & popular vote

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Turnout

Voter participation, % of eligible

click a point

Every election

60 cycles, twelve eras.

Click any cycle to open its detail page — map, results, statewide breakdown, and adjacent elections.

Modern Polarization

Republican · 312 EV · 49.8% pop

Trump became second president to win non-consecutive terms (like Cleveland); first Republican to win popular vote since 2004

Modern Polarization

Democratic · 306 EV · 51.3% pop

Record turnout (66.6%); most votes ever (81.3M); Trump's refusal to concede led to January 6 Capitol riot

Modern Polarization

Republican · 304 EV · 46.1% pop

Trump lost popular vote by 2.9 million yet won EC; 7 faithless electors — most since 1872

Modern Polarization

Democratic · 332 EV · 51.1% pop

Obama's data-driven campaign pioneered modern voter targeting; Romney's '47 percent' remark proved fatal

Modern Polarization

Democratic · 365 EV · 52.9% pop

First African American president; financial crisis collapsed McCain's lead in September

Modern Polarization

Republican · 286 EV · 50.7% pop

First popular vote majority for a Republican since 1988; Swift Boat ads defined opposition research

Modern Polarization

Republican · 271 EV · 47.9% pop

Bush lost popular vote but won presidency; Supreme Court decided election; Nader spoiler in Florida

Modern Polarization

Democratic · 379 EV · 49.2% pop

First Democrat re-elected since FDR; Perot ran again but won only half his 1992 support

Modern Polarization

Democratic · 370 EV · 43.0% pop

Perot won 18.9% — best third-party popular vote since TR 1912; Clinton won with only 43%

Cold War Realignment

George H. W. Bush

Republican · 426 EV · 53.4% pop

Willie Horton ad pioneered modern negative campaigning; Dukakis tank photo was mocked nationally

Cold War Realignment

Republican · 525 EV · 58.8% pop

Most electoral votes ever against a major-party opponent (525); first female VP nominee (Ferraro)

Cold War Realignment

Republican · 489 EV · 50.8% pop

Reagan Revolution began; 'Reagan Democrats' realigned; hostages released 20 minutes after his inauguration

Cold War Realignment

Democratic · 297 EV · 50.1% pop

Ford's Nixon pardon cost him heavily; Carter was the first Deep South president since before the Civil War

Cold War Realignment

Republican · 520 EV · 60.7% pop

Nixon won 49 states but resigned 2 years later due to Watergate; McGovern carried only Massachusetts and DC

Cold War Realignment

Republican · 301 EV · 43.4% pop

Wallace won 46 EC votes; year of assassinations and riots; Nixon won with 43.4% popular vote

New Deal Coalition

Lyndon B. Johnson

Democratic · 486 EV · 61.0% pop

Largest popular vote landslide in history (61.05%); 'Daisy' ad pioneered negative political advertising

New Deal Coalition

John F. Kennedy

Democratic · 303 EV · 49.7% pop

First Catholic president; first televised debate transformed campaigning; won by just 112,827 popular votes

New Deal Coalition

Dwight D. Eisenhower

Republican · 457 EV · 57.4% pop

First president since Taylor to win while his party lost both houses of Congress

New Deal Coalition

Dwight D. Eisenhower

Republican · 442 EV · 55.2% pop

First major use of TV political ads; Nixon's 'Checkers speech' saved his VP candidacy

New Deal Coalition

Harry S. Truman

Democratic · 303 EV · 49.5% pop

'Dewey Defeats Truman' — greatest upset in US political history; 4-party race

New Deal Coalition

Franklin D. Roosevelt

Democratic · 432 EV · 53.4% pop

Only fourth-term presidency; FDR died 83 days later; Truman chosen as VP sealed the atomic bomb decision

New Deal Coalition

Franklin D. Roosevelt

Democratic · 449 EV · 54.7% pop

First and only third term in US history; FDR broke Washington's two-term precedent

New Deal Coalition

Franklin D. Roosevelt

Democratic · 523 EV · 60.8% pop

Greatest 20th-century EC landslide; only Maine and Vermont voted Republican; Literary Digest poll famously wrong

New Deal Coalition

Franklin D. Roosevelt

Democratic · 472 EV · 57.4% pop

FDR's landslide ushered in the New Deal era and Democratic dominance for a generation

Roaring Twenties

Republican · 444 EV · 58.2% pop

First Catholic nominee (Al Smith); stock market crashed 8 months into Hoover's term

Roaring Twenties

Calvin Coolidge

Republican · 382 EV · 54.0% pop

Democrats took 103 ballots to choose nominee; La Follette won 13 electoral votes as Progressive

Roaring Twenties

Warren G. Harding

Republican · 404 EV · 60.3% pop

First election with women's suffrage nationwide; Harding won by 26-point popular vote margin

Progressive Era

Democratic · 277 EV · 49.2% pop

'He kept us out of war' — Wilson declared war 5 weeks after his inauguration; Hughes led on election night

Progressive Era

Democratic · 435 EV · 41.8% pop

Roosevelt's best-ever third-party finish (27.4% popular, 88 EV); best third-party performance in history

Progressive Era

William Howard Taft

Republican · 321 EV · 51.6% pop

Taft was Roosevelt's chosen successor; Bryan's third and final presidential defeat

Progressive Era

Theodore Roosevelt

Republican · 336 EV · 56.4% pop

Roosevelt declared he would not seek a third term — a promise he later tried to break in 1912

Progressive Era

William McKinley

Republican · 292 EV · 51.6% pop

McKinley assassinated in 1901, making Theodore Roosevelt — at 42 — the youngest president

Progressive Era

William McKinley

Republican · 271 EV · 51.0% pop

'Cross of Gold' election; realigned politics for a generation toward Republican dominance

Grover Cleveland

Democratic · 277 EV · 46.0% pop

Cleveland became the only president to serve non-consecutive terms; Populists won 22 electoral votes

Benjamin Harrison

Republican · 233 EV · 47.8% pop

Cleveland won popular vote but lost Electoral College; became the only president to serve non-consecutive terms

Grover Cleveland

Democratic · 219 EV · 48.9% pop

First Democrat elected president since 1856; 'Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion' gaffe cost Blaine NY

James A. Garfield

Republican · 214 EV · 48.3% pop

Closest popular vote ever (1,898 votes); Garfield was assassinated after just 6 months

Rutherford B. Hayes

Republican · 185 EV · 47.9% pop

Most disputed election ever; Hayes won despite losing popular vote; ended Reconstruction

Ulysses S. Grant

Republican · 286 EV · 55.6% pop

Nominee Horace Greeley died before electoral votes were cast; his 66 EV scattered among others

Ulysses S. Grant

Republican · 214 EV · 52.7% pop

Grant's popular vote margin came largely from newly enfranchised Black Southern voters

Abraham Lincoln

Republican · 212 EV · 55.0% pop

First wartime re-election since 1812; Lincoln feared defeat until Sherman took Atlanta

Abraham Lincoln

Republican · 180 EV · 39.6% pop

Four-way race where Lincoln won with 39.65% popular vote; triggered Southern secession

Antebellum Crisis

Democratic · 174 EV · 45.3% pop

First Republican presidential candidate ran; Know-Nothing Party won Maryland's electoral votes

Second Party System

Franklin Pierce

Democratic · 254 EV · 50.8% pop

Last election where the Whig Party competed nationally; party collapsed afterward

Second Party System

Whig · 163 EV · 47.3% pop

Taylor won without taking any position on slavery; Free Soil Party foreshadowed Republican Party

Second Party System

Democratic · 170 EV · 49.5% pop

Polk was a dark horse nominee; Liberty Party spoiler cost Clay New York and the presidency

Second Party System

William Henry Harrison

Whig · 234 EV · 52.9% pop

First modern campaign ('Tippecanoe and Tyler Too'); highest 19th-century turnout; Harrison died 31 days in

Second Party System

Martin Van Buren

Democratic · 170 EV · 50.8% pop

Whigs ran multiple regional candidates in an attempt to deny any candidate a majority

Second Party System

Democratic · 219 EV · 54.7% pop

First election with a national party nominating convention; first third party to win electoral votes

Second Party System

Democratic · 178 EV · 55.9% pop

Bitter rematch of 1824; marked the rise of Jacksonian Democracy and mass-participation politics

Era of Good Feelings

John Quincy Adams

Democratic-Republican · 84 EV · 30.9% pop

Jackson won popular vote but lost in House; 'Corrupt Bargain' allegation shaped next election

Era of Good Feelings

Democratic-Republican · 231 EV

Monroe ran nearly unopposed; one elector voted for John Quincy Adams

First Party System

Democratic-Republican · 183 EV

Last election in which the Federalist Party ran a presidential candidate

First Party System

Democratic-Republican · 128 EV

First election held during wartime; closest race of the era

First Party System

Democratic-Republican · 122 EV

Madison won despite the unpopular Embargo Act; Federalists made modest gains in New England

First Party System

Thomas Jefferson

Democratic-Republican · 162 EV

First election under the 12th Amendment; Jefferson won 92% of electoral votes

First Party System

Thomas Jefferson

Democratic-Republican · 73 EV

Tie between Jefferson and Burr sent election to the House; led to the 12th Amendment

First Party System

Federalist · 71 EV

First contested election; resulted in president and VP from opposing parties

First Party System

George Washington

Independent · 132 EV

Last election where Washington ran; political parties were forming in the background

First Party System

George Washington

Independent · 69 EV

Only unanimous Electoral College vote in US history

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