Ind

Independent

4 runs · 2 wins · 1789 — 1992.

Wins

Total runs

First cycle

1789

Latest cycle

1992

Elections won · 2

Only unanimous Electoral College vote in US history

Last election where Washington ran; political parties were forming in the background

Contested but not won · 2

Cold War Realignment

1980

Ronald Reagan

Republican · 489 EV · 50.8% pop

Reagan Revolution began; 'Reagan Democrats' realigned; hostages released 20 minutes after his inauguration

Modern Polarization

1992

Bill Clinton

Democratic · 370 EV · 43.0% pop

Perot won 18.9% — best third-party popular vote since TR 1912; Clinton won with only 43%

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60 cycles · K-2 through AP · open download.

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Read further

Curated picks

Why We're Polarized

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How modern American politics got this way.

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John Sides et al.

How Trump and the 2020 election reshaped the parties.

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Confidence Man

Maggie Haberman

Trump in his own habitat.

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